Aim: The spine is a key component of the skeletal system, with a complex anatomical structure that varies along its length. Its specific structure allows it to fulfill multiple functions, including maintaining proper upright posture. Human posture reflects the coordinated interaction between the kinesthetic sense, muscular system, and nervous system. Various factors influence posture formation, including environmental conditions, lifestyle, physical activity, nutrition, and genetics. Data from Poland indicate that postural defects affect 30% to 60% of children and adolescents, with variations due to assessment methods. According to the Center for Health Information Systems, incorrect posture was diagnosed in 17.14% of children and adolescents aged 0–18 years, with 9.7% of spinal deformities identified in children aged 2–9 years. This study explores the etiological factors of spinal deformities, particularly scoliosis, including genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and hormonal factors such as vitamin D. Material and Methods: This study is based on a literature review and analysis of research on postural defects, particularly scoliosis, focusing on prevalence, etiology, and risk factors. The methodology involves a systematic search of peer-reviewed articles, clinical studies, and epidemiological reports from databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. Results: Research suggests a possible correlation between scoliosis severity and vitamin D levels. Vitamin D is essential for bone mineralization and neuromuscular function, and deficiencies may contribute to reduced postural stability and increased spinal curvature. Some studies indicate a negative correlation between vitamin D levels and Cobb angle severity, though further research is needed.